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The African National Congress (ANC) was founded on 8 January 1912 in Bloemfontein, in what is today the Free State province of South Africa. Initially known as the South African Native National Congress, it became the ANC in 1923
Over time, the ANC expanded nationally, positioning itself as the voice of black South Africans, and engaged in mass mobilization campaigns, such as the Defiance Campaign in 1952, aimed at nonviolent civil disobedience against apartheid laws
The Freedom Charter, a foundational ANC document adopted in 1955 at a mass gathering in Kliptown, outlined the vision for a non‑racial, democratic South Africa
Wikipedia
Following the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960, the ANC was banned and forced underground. This led to armed struggle, establishment of uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, and the relocation of its external headquarters to Morogoro (Tanzania) and later Lusaka (Zambia)